International Trade and Maritime Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Trade and Maritime Law - Essay Example Carrier is deemed to be in charge of the goods at the time of receipt of goods to the time of delivery. Whereas the Hague-Visby Rules denotes the Scope of Coverage as an implication where it covers the period of time when the goods are loaded on the ship to the time they are discharged from the ship. ((Sundaram, 2004, pg 12) When the matter of Carriers' Covered is taken into consideration the Hamburg Rules covers carriers that conclude a contract of carriage of goods by sea or are named in a contract of carriage of goods by sea with a shipper. Also covers "actual carriers" which include any person entrusted by the carrier to perform all or part of the carriage of the goods. (Sundaram,2003, pg 29) Under the Hamburg Rules the carrier is liable for loss, damage, or delay in delivery of goods, if the loss occurred while the goods were under the carrier's charge, unless the carrier proves that he, his servant or agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences (loss or damage). More over, in accordance to the Carrier Liability or Duty of Care rules of Hague-Visby Rules the carrier shall properly load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried and supply ship. ((Sundaram,2004, pg 21) In the case of Carrier Defenses to Liability Hamburg Rules states that the carrier must prove that he, his servants or agent took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its consequences. Whereas under The Hague-Visby Rules the loss or damage resulting from: 1. Unseaworthiness (but the carrier must show that the unseaworthiness did not result from carrier's lack of due diligence); 2. Error in navigation or management of the ship; 3. Fire (unless

The History of Deregulation of Aviation in the Airline Industry Research Paper

The History of Deregulation of Aviation in the Airline Industry - Research Paper Example According to Smith & Cox (2007), one decade of airline decontrol implementation led to 35% growths in the airline industry, through increased employment and passenger travel. The two economists say that traveling increased by 55 %, as the real travel cost decreased by approximately 17% in the major routes. They found that by the second decade, ticket prices decreased by 20% in real terms, while passengers served were 324 million. Historically, airline services were partially regulated, because of oligopoly and monopoly concerns, as only a few airlines provided flights that were direct between cities. The aim of the US airline deregulation was to control entries and reduce prices in the transport system in the United States. Since then, many other nations have seen the need to deregulate their domestic airline markets, and this has effectively been applied in European Union airline markets. Today a big number of international airline markets are subject to tight airline regulations. In the United States, airline deregulation was born from the 1925 Air Mail Act and the 1926 Air Commerce Act. Serious commercial aviation economic regulation began in 1938 with Civil Aeronautics Act passage. The creation of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) gave it the power to regulate and control airline routes as well as market entry and exit, and mandate service rates. Later, airline safety regulation was passed together with the 1958 Federal Aviation Act that bore Federal Aviation Administration. By 1938, US government was regulating much commercial aviation in terms of routes, schedules, and fare. The three main functions of the CAB are regulating airline route, limiting new market entrances by air carriers, and regulation  of passenger carriers.